Grammar

Relative clauses

What is a relative clause?

We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information about something.

I bought a new car. It is very fast.
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.

She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.

Defining and Non-defining

A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:

·         I like the woman who lives next door.
(If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which woman I mean).

A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. We don't need this information to understand the sentence.

·         I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.
(Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantastic parks' is extra information).

Form:

-Always put the relative clause as close as possible to the noun that you are describing.

-Use ‘’who’’ to give information about a person, ‘’whose’’ to introduce a possession, and ‘’which’’ to give information about a thing. Do not use that.

-Use ‘’where’’ to give information about a place ONLY if you introduce another subject after where. Otherwise, use which.

For example:

*We met at Bristol University, where we both studied Biology.

*We met at Bristol University, which is in the west of England.

Who, which, where and whose cannot be omitted in defining relative clauses.

As non-defining relative clauses are not necessary to understanding the sentence, they are always placed within commas.

Defining relative clauses:

1: The relative pronoun is the subject:

First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause.

We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for things. We can use 'that' for people or things.

The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can't drop the relative pronoun.

For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

·         I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.

·         She has a son who / that is a doctor.

·         We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.

·         I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

·         The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.

·         The man who / that phoned is my brother.

·         The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.

·         The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.

2: The relative pronoun is the object:

Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:

(Clause after the object)

·         She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.

·         We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.

·         John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.

·         The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.

(Clause after the subject)

·         The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.

·         The university (which / that) she likes is famous.

·         The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.

·         The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.

Non-defining relative clauses:

We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use 'which' if the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. We can't drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.

(Clause comes after the subject)

·         My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.

·         My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.

·         My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.

·         My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.

(Clause comes after the object)

·         Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.

·         The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.

·         Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now.

·         I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.

Prepositions and relative clauses

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause:

For example:

·         listen to

The music is good. Julie listens to the music.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.

·         work with

My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.
→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.

·         go to

The country is very hot. He went to the country.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.

·         come from

I visited the city. John comes from the city.
→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.

·         apply for

The job is well paid. She applied for the job.
→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.

Whose

'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left out. It replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.

The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.

The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.

The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.

The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.
→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.

Where / when / why

We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions.

I live in a city. I study in the city.

→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.

The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.

The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.

→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.

BE CAREFUL!!

Common Mistakes

Some Students do not put the non defining relative clause close to the noun it describes.

The chemicals flow into rivers, which are toxic.  => The chemicals, which are toxic, flow into rivers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Mckeyth, J. (2015). Relative Clauses. Retrieved November 29, 2017, from http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses.html

Lyster, R., & Ballinger, S. (2011). Content-based language teaching: Convergent concerns across divergent contexts. Language Teaching Research, 15(3), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168811401150

ÁNGELA BERMÚDEZ ESCUDERO

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Gap-fill exercise

  

Fill in all the gaps, then press "Check" to check your answers. Use the "Hint" button to get a free letter if an answer is giving you trouble. You can also click on the "[?]" button to get a clue. Note that you will lose points if you ask for hints or clues!

1.Taylor has a new car, is twice as big as his old one.
2.This is the animal John saw last week.
3.He is the boy broke the window.
4.I don’t understand the reason he got so angry.
5. you say is false. I strongly disagree.
6.That is the school Andrew works.
7.Mary, was eighteen yesterday, is one of my best friends.
8. The table, you broke yesterday, was bought by my grandmother.
9. I don’t understand you say. Could you repeat it? .
10. That is the dog I told you yesterday.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Quiz

  

Choose the correct answer for each question in the quiz.

 

1. What relative use to give information about a person ?
   1.   which
   2.   who
   3.   when
   4.   where
2. What relative use to introduce a possession?
   1.   whose
   2.   where
   3.   who
   4.   when
3. What relative use to give information about something?
   1.   Whose
   2.   where
   3.   when
   4.   which
4. What relative use to give information about a play if you introduce another subject afterthat?
   1.   why
   2.   when
   3.   which
   4.   where
5. What relative use to give information about a place if you don't introduce another subject afterthat?
   1.   where
   2.   which
   3.   when
   4.   who
6. What relatives can be omitted in defining relative clauses?
   1.   When, which, who and whose.
   2.   Who,which, where and whose.
   3.   Which, who, where and when.
   4.   Whose, when , where and who.
7. What relative cannot use in a non-defining clause?
   1.   where
   2.   who
   3.   that
   4.   which
8. What relative replace a possessive?
   1.   where
   2.   whose
   3.   when
   4.   who
9. Where the realtive clauses put?
   1.   Always at the begining of the sentence.
   2.   Always at the end of the sentence.
   3.   Close to the noun it describes.
   4.   All the previous answers are correct.
10. What kinds of relatives clauses exist?
    1.   Three kinds of relatives clauses: DEFINING, NON-DEFINING AND SEMI-DEFINING.
    2.   Two kinds: DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING.
    3.   four kinds: DEFINING ,NON-DEFINING. EXTRA-DEFINING AND SEMI-DEFINING.
    4.   Only one exist: DEFINING.

ÁNGELA BERMÚDEZ ESCUDERO